The early 20th century’s golden age of cinema had created a level playing field for D/deaf and hard of hearing viewers. Captions are particularly beneficial to persons watching videos in their non-native language, children and adults learning to read, and persons who are D/deaf or hard of hearing, as illustrated below.Ĭaptions Benefit Persons Who Are D/deaf or Hard of Hearing The numerous empirical studies referenced in the appendix demonstrate that captions benefit everyone who watches videos, from younger children to older adults. Standard verbatim captions are as effective as more detailed or elaborated captions ( Anderson-Inman, Terrazas-Arellanes, & Slabin, 2009 Murphy-Berman & Jorgensen, 1980). These studies report benefits to a wide swath of participants as measured by a wide swath of criteria: summarizing main ideas ( Markham, 2000–2001), recalling facts ( Brasel & Gips, 2014), drawing inferences ( Linebarger et al., 2010), defining words ( Griffin & Dumestre, 1992–1993), identifying emotions ( Murphy-Berman & Whobrey, 1983), and of course, answering multiple-choice comprehension questions ( Hinkin, Harris, & Miranda, 2014 Markham & Peter, 2002–2003 Murphy-Berman & Jorgensen, 1980).Įye-movement studies document that captions are read easily ( d’Ydewalle & de Bruycker, 2007), attended to effortlessly ( d’Ydewalle, Praet, Verfaillie, & van Rensbergen, 1991), and integrated smoothly with the soundtrack of the video ( d’Ydewalle & Gielen, 1992). More than 100 empirical studies, listed in the appendix, document the benefits of captions. Captions also translate sound effects (“raindrops falling,” “footsteps approaching,” “horses galloping”) captions transcribe song lyrics, and captions offer other helpful clues, such as identifying conversational partners by their name and indicating off-screen voices with italics. Unlike foreign-language subtitles, captions translate into writing the same language that is heard in speaking, which is why captions are also called same-language subtitles. Like foreign-language subtitles, captions appear at the bottom of the screen. The technique is simple: Display captions on videos.Ĭaptions are like foreign-language subtitles they translate a spoken language into a written language ( Garza, 1991). Imagine a technique that can improve children’s reading skills ( Linebarger, Piotrowski, & Greenwood, 2010), boost adolescents’ written and spoken vocabulary ( Davey & Parkhill, 2012), increase college students’ attention to lectures ( Steinfeld, 1998), enhance second-language learners’ pronunciation ( Mitterer & McQueen, 2009), and raise literacy rates in developing countries ( Kothari, Takeda, Joshi, & Pandey, 2002).
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